奈良とその周辺
Nara and Neighbourhood
OCR校訂済みの英文と日本語訳を、段落単位で並べて読めます。右欄では英語名の重複を抑え、日本語としての読みやすさを優先しています。
- 原資料
- pp. 349-357
- Status
- 49 translated
ROUTE 39. Nara and Neighbourhood. 1. THE KYOTO-NARA RAILWAY. OBAKU-SAN. UJI. 2. THE CITY OF NARA. 3. NARA-OSAKA RAILWAY. HORYUJI. Nara is 1 1/4 hrs. by train from Kyoto and 2 1/4 hrs. from Kobe via Osaka and Tennoji. Several days may well be devoted to the sights and excursions, or to rest after arduous sight-seeing amidst the peaceful surroundings of the ancient capital. In starting from Kyoto, a pleasant break may be made on the way from Kyoto to Nara by alighting at the intermediate station of Kobata, 3/4 hr., where jinrikishas are taken to visit Obaku-san and Uji, the train being rejoined at Uji station.
第39路程 奈良とその周辺。1. 京都・奈良鉄道、黄檗山、宇治。2. 奈良市。3. 奈良・大阪鉄道、法隆寺。奈良は京都から列車で1時間15分、大阪・天王寺経由なら神戸から2時間15分である。古都の静かな環境で、観光の疲れを休めながら名所や近郊を巡るために、数日をあててもよい。京都から奈良へ向かう際は、途中の木幡駅で下車し、人力車で4分の3時間かけて黄檗山と宇治を訪ね、宇治駅から再び列車に乗るとよい。
1. - Kyoto-Nara Railway. Distance from Kyoto (m.). Names of Stations. Remarks. KYOTO (Shichijo): Same station as Tokaido Railway. Fushimi, 3 m.; Momoyama, 4 1/2; Kobata, 6 1/2 (alight for Obaku-san); Uji, 9 1/2; Shinden, 11 1/2; Nagaike, 13 3/4; Tamamizu, 17; Tanakura, 18 1/2; Kizu, 21 1/2; NARA, 26. Fushimi is frequently mentioned in history. The last important event connected with it was a sanguinary battle fought here in 1868 between the Imperialists and the partisans of the Shogun. On the hill called Momoyama stood Hideyoshi's palace, one of the grandest ever built in Japan, whose spoils in the shape of gold screens, fusuma, etc., adorn half the temples in Kyoto. The late Emperor Meiji Tenno was interred here with great pomp in 1912.
1. 京都・奈良鉄道。京都（七条）――東海道鉄道と同じ駅。伏見（3マイル）、桃山（4マイル半）、木幡（6マイル半、黄檗山へはここで下車）、宇治（9マイル半）、新田（11マイル半）、長池（13マイル4分の3）、玉水（17マイル）、棚倉（18マイル半）、木津（21マイル半）、奈良（26マイル）。伏見は歴史にしばしば現れる地で、1868年には官軍と将軍方との間で流血の戦いがあった。桃山の丘には、日本でも屈指の壮麗さだった秀吉の御殿が建ち、金屏風・襖などの遺品は京都の寺々を飾っている。明治天皇は1912年、盛大な儀式のもとここに葬られた。
Momoyama is visited by holidaymakers in spring, for the peachblossom from which it derives its name. Alighting at Kobata, one takes about 10 min. by jinrikisha to Obaku-san, a massive Buddhist establishment standing in extensive grounds. It was founded in 1659 by a Chinese priest named Ingen. Most of his successors up to the twenty-first were Chinamen. The priests still wear Chinese shoes and a peculiar kind of cap resembling the French beret. After a period of decay, the place underwent renovation in the last decade of the 19th century.
桃山は地名の由来となった桃の花を見に、春の行楽客が訪れる。木幡で降り、人力車で約10分行くと、広い境内を持つ堂々たる仏教寺院、黄檗山に着く。1659年、中国僧の隠元が開いた寺で、21代までの住持の多くは中国人だった。僧は今も中国風の靴と、フランスのベレー帽に似た独特の帽子を着用する。衰微の後、19世紀最後の十年間に改修を受けた。
The three principal buildings among many are, first, the Tenno-do, containing images of Miroku Bosatsu and the Shi-Tenno; second, the Hondo with a large gilt figure of Shaka flanked by Anan
多くの建物のうち主要な三棟は、第一に弥勒菩薩と四天王を安置する天王殿、第二に、金色の大きな釈迦像の両脇に阿難
and Kasho, and attended by the Eighteen Rakan (the tablet over the altar, with characters in gold, is an autograph of the late Emperor); third, the Hatto used as a store-house for a complete set of wooden blocks (60,000) for printing the Chinese version of the Buddhist canon. Though, from a tourist's point of view, there is not much to see at Obaku-san, the place is impressive from its size and its solemn solitude amidst ancient trees. The next stage of the journey is Uji {Inns, Yorozu-ya on the Kyoto side of the river, and Kikuya on the other side), a neat little town on the Yodogawa, here called Ujigawa, which drains Lake Biwa.
と迦葉を配し、十八羅漢を従える本堂である（祭壇上の金字の扁額は先帝の宸筆）。第三は、中国語版の仏典を印刷するための木版六万枚を収蔵する法堂である。観光名所として見るものは多くないが、古木に囲まれた広大な寺域と厳かな静けさには心を打たれる。次は、琵琶湖の水を流すここでは宇治川と呼ばれる淀川沿いの小さく整った町、宇治へ向かう。宿は川の京都側に万屋、対岸に菊屋がある。
A pleasant ride of 1/2 hr. takes one from Obaku-san to the Uji bridge, passing by some large powder magazines, and through the tea plantations for which this district is famous. Tea is believed to have been introduced into Japan from China in A.D. 805 by the Buddhist abbot Dengyo Daishi. The Uji plantations, which date from the close of the 12th century, have always been considered the best in the empire, those near Shizuoka ranking next. The tea begins to come to market about the 10th May; but the preparation of the leaf can be seen going on busily in the peasants' houses for some time later. The finest kinds, such as Gyoku-ro ("Jewelled Dew"), are sold at very high prices - as much as 5 yen to 7 1/2 yen per lb.
黄檗山から宇治橋までは人力車で快い30分の道のりで、途中には大きな火薬庫と、この地方で名高い茶畑がある。茶は805年に天台宗の僧・伝教大師が中国から日本へ伝えたと考えられている。12世紀末に始まる宇治の茶園は常に国内最高とされ、次いで静岡近辺のものが評価される。茶は5月10日頃から市場に出るが、その後もしばらくは農家で忙しく製茶する様子を見られる。玉露のような最高級品は1ポンド当たり5円から7円50銭にもなる。
Those, however, who expect to see large firing or selling establishments will be disappointed. Each family works independently in quite a small way, more japonico, and gives to the tea produced by it whatever fancy name it chooses. The citizens of Kyoto visit Uji in the summer to watch the fire-flies, and to enjoy the prospect up the river. It is worth continuing on for 5 min. up the r. bank of the stream to the small temple of Koshoji, situated at the top of a rocky approach. Retracing our steps and crossing the bridge, we reach Uji's chief sight, the ancient Buddhist temple of Byodo-in, belonging to the Tendai sect, and connected in history with the name of the famous warrior, Gen-sammi Yorimasa.
ただし、大規模な焙煎場や販売所を期待する人は肩透かしを食う。各家が小規模に独立して作り、好みの名を茶につけるという、日本式のやり方である。京都の人々は夏、蛍を見、川の上流の眺めを楽しむため宇治を訪れる。川の右岸を5分ほど上流へ進み、岩場の坂を上ると小さな興聖寺がある。橋へ戻って渡ると、宇治随一の見どころである天台宗の古寺・平等院に着く。ここは名高い武将、源三位頼政の名と結び付いている。
The temple dates from 1052. Here Gen-sammi Yorimasa committed suicide in A.D. 1180 after the battle of Uji Bridge, where, with 300 warriors, he withstood 20,000 men of the Taira host, in order to afford time for Prince Mochihito to effect his escape. After prodigies of valour had been performed by this little band, most of whom fell in the defence of the bridge, Yorimasa retired to Byodo-in, and while his remaining followers kept the enemy at bay, calmly ran himself through with his sword. He was then seventy-five years of age.
この寺は1052年にさかのぼる。1180年の宇治橋の戦いで、頼政は平氏二万に対して三百の兵とともに戦い、以仁王を逃がす時間をつくった。橋を守った小勢のほとんどが倒れた後、頼政は平等院へ退き、残った従者が敵を防ぐ間に静かに自刃した。このとき75歳だった。
Yorimasa is famous in romance for having, with the aid of his trusty squire I-no-Hayata, slain a nue, — a monster composed of ape, tiger, and serpent, which tormented the Emperor Nijo-no-in. A monument enclosed by stone fencing in the shape of a fan, hence called Ogi-shiba, stands on the 1. before entering the grounds, indicating the spot where Yorimasa breathed his last. The large stone monument of irregular shape, seen to the 1. after entering the grounds, was erected in 1887 to hand down to posterity the praises of Uji tea.
頼政は、忠実な従者・猪早太の助けを借り、二条院を悩ませた猿・虎・蛇から成る怪物、鵺を討った物語でも知られる。境内に入る前、左手に扇形の石柵で囲まれた扇芝があり、頼政が息を引き取った場所を示す。入って左手の不規則な形の大きな石碑は、宇治茶を後世に伝えるため1887年に建てられたものである。
The building on the other side of the lotus pond is the Ho-o-do, or Phoenix Hall, one of the most ancient wooden structures in Japan, perhaps the most original in shape, and formerly one of the most beautiful, though now much decayed. It derives its name from the circumstance that it is intended to represent a phoenix, the two-storied central part being the body, and the colonnades r. and 1. the wings, while the corridor behind forms the tail. The ceiling is divided into small coffers inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Bound the top of the walls runs a sort of frieze representing the Twenty-five Bosatsu and various female personages. The doors and the walls r. and 1. and behind the altar are
蓮池の向こうにある鳳凰堂は、日本最古級の木造建築の一つで、おそらく最も独創的な形を持つ。かつては最も美しい建物の一つだったが、今はひどく傷んでいる。二階建ての中央部を胴、左右の回廊を翼、背後の廊下を尾とする鳳凰を表していることから名づけられた。天井は螺鈿をはめた小格子に分かれ、壁の上部には二十五菩薩と女性像を表す帯状の装飾が巡る。祭壇の左右と背後の扉・壁には
covered with ancient Buddhist paintings by Tamenari, now almost obliterated, of the Nine Regions of Kubon Jodo, the Pure Land in the West, where the saints dwell according to their degrees of merit. The altar or stage was originally covered with nashiji gold lacquer, inlaid with mother-of-pearl; and as every inch of the walls and columns was elaborately decorated with paintings, the effect of the whole, when new, must have been dazzling. By criminal neglect, this gem of art was left open for many years to every wind of heaven; and what between the ravages of the weather and the ravages of thieves, the place has been reduced to its present condition.
西方の九品浄土、すなわち功徳の段階に応じて聖者が住む地を描いた古い仏画があり、為成の作とされるが、今はほとんど消えかけている。祭壇または壇は、もとは螺鈿入りの梨地金蒔絵で覆われ、壁と柱の隅々まで精巧な絵で飾られていたので、新しかった頃は目もくらむほどだったに違いない。長年、風雨にさらされたまま放置されたこの美術の宝石は、風化と盗難の被害によって、現在の姿にまで損なわれた。
On the roof are two phoenixes in bronze, 3 ft. high, which serve as weathercocks. The Hondo, or present Main Temple, which is much newer, has nothing that calls for special mention, except some relics of Yorimasa, and a flag interesting as a very early example of the Japanese national device of the red sun on a white ground (Hi no maru). The railway station of Uji is only 5 min. off, and a run of about 1 hr. takes us hence to 2. — The City of Nara. Nara (Inns, *Nara Hotel, Europ. style ; Kikusui-ro, semi-Europ.). Nara was the capital of Japan during seven reigns, from A.D. 700 to 784, when the Emperor Kwammu removed the seat of government to the adjacent province of Yamashiro.
屋根には風見として高さ3フィートの青銅製鳳凰が二羽ある。現在の本堂はずっと新しく、頼政の遺品と、白地に赤い日を描く日本の国章「日の丸」の初期の例として興味深い旗を除けば、特に見るものはない。宇治駅はすぐ近くで、ここから約1時間で奈良市に着く。奈良の宿は洋式の奈良ホテル、半洋式の菊水楼。奈良は700年から784年まで七代にわたる日本の都で、桓武天皇が政庁を隣国山城へ移した。
This step was dictated by the desire to escape from the overshadowing power of the great Buddhist monasteries. The city is now probably but a tenth of its former size. The sights of Nara may be best done in the following order : — Kasuga no Miya. This temple, said to have been founded in A.D. 767, is dedicated to the ancestor of the Fujiwara family, the Shinto god Ama-no-Koyane, to his wife, and to the gods or mythical heroes Take-mikazuchi and Futsu-nushi. The great annual festival is held on the 17th December. The main approach leads up through a delightful park, where tame deer congregate in the expectation of being fed. Their horns are cut every autumn, to prevent their hurting people.
この遷都は、大仏教寺院の圧倒的な勢力から逃れたいという意図によるものだった。町の規模は往時の十分の一ほどになったと思われる。奈良の名所は次の順で巡るのがよい。春日宮は767年創建と伝えられ、藤原氏の祖先である神道の神・天児屋根命、その妻、そして武甕槌命・経津主命という神または神話上の英雄を祀る。大祭は12月17日に行われる。参道は人なれした鹿が餌を期待して集まる楽しい公園を通る。人を傷つけないよう、鹿の角は毎秋切られる。
Crowds go to witness the curious sight. The wild wistaria blossoms here in May. At the end of a long avenue of stone lanterns to the r. of the Main Temple, stands the Waka-miya, a temple dedicated to a son of Ama-no-Koyane. Some of the lanterns which line the approach are lighted every night. All are lighted on Feb. 2nd. and also on the occasion of visits from members of the Imperial family. In front stand an open shed where pilgrims bow down, and a long low building occupied by the priests. Two young girls are in attendance, to perform the ancient religious dance called kagura, — not specially interesting. The Oku-no-in, lies beyond the Waka-miya.
その珍しい光景を見る人々が集まる。5月には野生の藤が咲く。本宮の右手、石灯籠が長く並ぶ道の先に、天児屋根命の子を祀る若宮がある。参道の灯籠の一部は毎晩点灯され、すべての灯籠は2月2日と皇族の行幸の際に灯される。前には巡礼者が礼拝する開放的な建物と、神職のための低い長い建物が立つ。巫女二人が古来の神楽を舞うため待機しているが、特に見応えがあるわけではない。若宮の先には奥の院がある。
Retracing our steps for a short distance, we enter the grounds of the Main Temple, whose bright red paint and the countless brass lanterns with which it is hung, contrast strikingly with the reposeful green of the magnificent cryptomerias all around and between the buildings. The gallery, here called Sujikai-no-Ma, is attributed to the famous sculptor Hidari Jingoro. The open shed or oratory, where in ancient times the Daimyos came to worship, is now used by the townsfolk on the evening of Setsubun (3rd February), for the performance of the popular ceremony of scattering beans to expel evil spirits.
少し戻ると、本宮の境内に入る。鮮やかな朱塗りと、無数の真鍮灯籠が吊られた建物は、周囲と建物の間を満たす見事な杉の深い緑と鮮やかな対照をなす。筋違の間と呼ばれる回廊は、名高い彫刻家・左甚五郎の作とされる。昔は大名が参詣した拝殿は、今では節分の夜（2月3日）、悪霊を追い払う豆まきの儀式に町の人々が用いる。
In the S.W. corner of the outer gallery is a small shrine dedicated to Saruta-hiko, the god who is supposed to be lord of the soil. According to the myth, this god made an agreement with the god of Kashima to lease 3 ft. of earth to him ; but the latter cunningly enclosed 3 ri square of ground during the night, pretending that the "three feet" in the contract referred only to the depth of the soil. It is the
外回廊の南西隅には、土地の主とされる神・猿田彦を祀る小祠がある。神話によると、猿田彦は鹿島の神に地面の「三尺」を貸す契約をした。しかし相手は、契約の三尺は土の深さだけを指すのだと言い立て、夜のうちに三里四方の土地を囲い込んだという。これは
popular belief that, in consequence of this trick of Take-mikazuchi, no tree on Kasuga-yama sends its roots more than 3 ft. below the surface. One of the local wonders is a single tree-trunk consisting of a camellia, a cherry, a wistaria, and other trees — seven in all — inextricably grown together. To this emblem of constant attachment lovers tie wisps of paper containing written vows and prayers. The way from the temple of Kasuga leads down and over a tiny stream to some shops, where toy figures of the performers in the No dances (Nara ningyb) and articles made out of deer's horns are sold. Thence for a short way through the wood to another red and white Shinto temple.
武甕槌の策略であったため、春日山ではどの木も根を地表から三尺より深く伸ばさない、と人々は信じている。当地の不思議の一つに、椿・桜・藤など計七種の木が分かちがたく一体となった一本の幹がある。変わらぬ愛着の象徴とされ、恋人たちは誓いや祈りを書いた紙片を結びつける。春日社からは小さな流れを渡って店へ下り、能の演者をかたどった奈良人形や鹿角細工が売られている。そこから森を少し行くと、赤と白の別の神社に至る。
Tamuke-yama no Hachiman, now somewhat decayed, but celebrated in Japanese poetry as the scene of an ode by Sugawara-no-Michizane, included in the classical "Century of Poets" (Hyaku-nin Is-shu). It says: Kono tabi wa Nusa mo tori-aezu Tamuke-yama Momiji no nishiki Kami no mani-mani which may be roughly rendered as follows: "This time I bring with me no offerings; the gods may take to their hearts' content of the damask of the maple-leaves on Mount Tamuke," — the allusion being to the maple-trees which grow in profusion on this spot. The brightly coloured mural picture in the building l. on entering represents the encounter with an ogre, for which see the story of "The Ogre's Arm" in the Japanese Fairy Tale Series.
手向山八幡はやや荒れているが、『百人一首』に収められた菅原道真の歌の舞台として名高い。歌は「このたびは 幣も取りあへず 手向山 紅葉の錦 神のまにまに」。すなわち「今回は捧げ物を持ってこなかった。手向山の紅葉の錦を、神々は思いのままにお受け取りください」という趣旨であり、この地に豊かな楓が生えることを踏まえる。入って左手の建物にある鮮やかな壁画は、鬼との遭遇を描く。『日本昔話集』の「鬼の腕」の話を参照。
Leaving Tamuke-yama, observe in the grounds 1. the ancient storehouses on legs. Passing the temple of San-gwatsu-do, now much decayed, but containing some good ancient images, we reach the Ni-gwatsu-do, a fine Buddhist temple of original aspect, renovated in 1898. It seems to cling to the side of the hill against which it is built out on piles, and is led up to by a steep flight of stone steps, while a perfect cloud of metal lanterns hung all along the front lends its quota of peculiarity to the general appearance.
手向山を出ると、左手の境内に古い高床式の倉が見える。かなり傷んではいるが古い良像を収める三月堂を過ぎると、1898年に改修された、独特な姿の立派な仏堂・二月堂に至る。山腹に杭で張り出すように建ち、急な石段で上る。正面にずらりと吊るされた金属製の灯籠が、全体の特異な印象をいっそう強めている。
Parallel to the flight of steps on the other side, is a gallery called Taimatsu-no-Roka, or " Torch Gallery," because torch-light processions wend their way up it on the great festival night, the 3rd February. It is believed to be miraculously preserved against danger from fire. There is a good view over the town from the front, the most noticeable features being magnificent trees and the roof of the Hall of the Daibutsu. The Ni-gwatsu-do, which is dedicated to Kwannon, was founded in A.D. 752, though the present building dates only about two centuries back. According to the legend, a tiny copper image of Kwannon had been picked up, which possessed the miraculous quality of being warm like living flesh.
反対側の石段に沿う回廊は、2月3日の大祭の夜に松明の行列が通るので、「松明の廊下」と呼ばれる。火災の危険から奇跡的に守られていると信じられている。正面からは町を見渡せ、特に目立つのは大木と大仏殿の屋根である。観音を祀る二月堂は752年の創建だが、現建物は約二世紀前のものにすぎない。伝説によれば、肉のように温かい不思議な小さな銅の観音像が拾われ、この寺に祀られた。
Ever since it was enshrined in this temple, the custom has been to hold a special series of services called Dattan no Okonai during the first half of the second month of the year, whence the name Ni-gwatsu-do (Hall of the Second Moon). The image is exposed for adoration on the 18th of each month. Descending the Torch Gallery, we reach a well called Wakasa no I, contained in a small building which is opened only on the 1st February of each year. Legend says that when the founder dedicated the temple, the god of Onyu in the province of Wakasa begged leave to provide the holy water, whereupon a white and a black cormorant flew out of the rock and disappeared, while water gushed forth from the hole.
それ以来、年の第二月前半に達陀の行と呼ばれる特別な法会を営む習わしが続き、これが二月堂の名の由来となった。像は毎月18日に礼拝のため公開される。松明の廊下を下ると、若狭井という井戸に着く。小建物に納められ、毎年2月1日だけ開かれる。創建者が寺を献じた時、若狭国遠敷の神が聖水を供したいと願い出ると、白と黒の鵜が岩から飛び出して消え、その穴から水が湧いたという。
From that time the stream which had flowed past the shrine of Onyu dried up, its waters having been transferred to the Ni-gwatsu-do. Local lore tells of unbelievers having become convinced of the truth of the miracle by throwing rice-husks into the original spring in Wakasa, which reappeared after a due interval in the spring here at Nara. We next reach the enclosure of
それ以後、遠敷の社のそばを流れていた水は枯れ、その水が二月堂へ移ったとされる。地元では、奇跡を疑う者が若狭の元の泉へ籾殻を投げ入れると、しばらく後に奈良のこの泉へ現れたことから真実を信じた、という話が伝わる。次に着くのは
Todaiji. Daibutsu. Todaiji, first passing the famous bell which hangs in a substantial belfry. This great bell was cast in A.D. 732. Its measurements are: height, 13 ft. 6 in.; greatest diameter, 9 ft. 1 3/4 in.; and greatest thickness at the edge, 8 1/2 in. (Jap. measure). Nearly 36 tons of copper and 1 ton of tin were used in the casting. We then proceed downhill through the wood to the building which contains the Daibutsu, or Gigantic Image of Buddha, larger than the one at Kamakura, though far less admirable as a work of art. Founded by Shomu Tenno, the temple of Todaiji was completed about the year 750, but on a grander scale than it now displays.
東大寺と大仏である。まず堅固な鐘楼に下がる名高い鐘を見る。この大鐘は732年に鋳造され、高さ13フィート6インチ、最大径9フィート1と4分の3インチ、縁の最大厚8と2分の1インチ（日本の尺度）で、鋳造には銅約36トンと錫1トンが用いられた。ついで森を下って、大仏を安置する建物へ行く。鎌倉の大仏より大きいが、芸術作品としてははるかに劣る。聖武天皇が創建した東大寺は750年頃に完成したが、当時は現在より大規模だった。
The actual building containing the Daibutsu dates only from the beginning of the 18th century, and is undergoing extensive repairs. Its dimensions are stated as follows : — height, 156 ft.; length of front, 290 ft.; depth, 170 ft. The Daibutsu itself dates from A.D. 749, except the head, which fell off and was burnt in successive fires, the present one having been made in the latter part of the 16th century. The deity represented is Roshana, or Birushana, an impersonation of light, whom priestly ingenuity easily identified with the Shinto Sun-Goddess. The Hall enclosing the Daibutsu, is being rebuilt and various minor images that formerly stood around it have been removed to temporary abodes.
大仏を収める現在の建物は18世紀初頭のもので、大規模な修理中である。高さ156フィート、正面の長さ290フィート、奥行170フィートという。大仏自体は、たび重なる火災で落ちて焼けた頭部を除けば749年にさかのぼり、現在の頭は16世紀後半につくられた。表す神格は光の化身である盧舎那、または毘盧遮那で、僧侶たちはこれを容易に神道の太陽女神と同一視した。大仏を囲む堂は再建中で、周囲にあった小像は仮の場所へ移されている。
The height of the image is given as 53 1/2 ft., the face being 16 ft. long and 9 1/2 ft. broad. It is in a sitting posture, with the legs crossed, the right hand uplifted, its palm outwards and the tips of the fingers about on a level with the shoulder, and the left hand resting on the knee with the back of the fingers towards the spectator. The body of the image and all the most ancient part of the lotus-flowers on which it is seated, are apparently formed of plates of bronze 10 in. by 12 in., soldered together. The modern parts are much larger castings, and not soldered. The petals of the reversed lotus seem to be single castings, and the head, which is considerably darker in colour, also looks like a single piece.
像の高さは53フィート半、顔の長さ16フィート、幅9フィート半とされる。結跏趺坐し、右手は掌を外へ向け、指先がほぼ肩の高さになるまで上げ、左手は膝の上に置き、指の甲を拝観者に向ける。像の胴と、座の蓮華の最も古い部分は、おそらく10インチ×12インチの青銅板を半田付けして作られた。新しい部分はもっと大きな鋳物で、半田付けされていない。反り返った蓮弁は一つずつの鋳物らしく、かなり色の濃い頭部も一塊で鋳たように見える。
A peculiar method of construction was adopted — namely, that of gradually building up the walls of the mould as the lower portion of the casting cooled, instead of constructing the whole mould first, and then making the casting in a single piece. The thickness of the casting varies from 6 inches to 10 inches. The original parts of the upturned lotus forming the image's seat are engraved with representations of Buddhist gods and of Shumisen (the central axis of the universe) surrounded by various tiers of heavens. Here and there traces of substantial gilding are visible, which lead to the conjecture that the whole image was originally gilt.
鋳造では、まず鋳型全体を作って一度に鋳るのではなく、下の部分が冷えるにつれて鋳型の壁を徐々に積み上げるという独特の方法が採られた。鋳物の厚さは6インチから10インチまで変化する。像の座をなす上向きの蓮華の古い部分には、仏神と、さまざまな天界に囲まれた宇宙の中心軸・須弥山が彫られている。ところどころに厚い鍍金の跡があり、像全体がもとは金色だったことをうかがわせる。
The modern head is ugly, owing to its black colour, and to its broad nostrils and swollen cheeks. Behind the Daibutsu-do, in the wood, stands a celebrated storehouse called Shoso-in, in which, during the 8th century, over 3,000 specimens of all the articles then in use at the Imperial Court, including many objects of virtu, were put away, thus forming an invaluable archaeological museum, which, however, is now never shown. Fortunately, a few fac-simile specimens have been placed in the Ueno Museum at Tokyo.
黒い色、広い鼻孔、ふくらんだ頬のため、近代の頭部は見栄えがよくない。大仏殿の背後の森には正倉院という名高い倉がある。8世紀には、宮廷で使われた品々三千点以上、数々の美術品を含む品がここに納められ、貴重な考古学博物館を形づくったが、当時は公開されていなかった。幸い、複製品の一部は東京・上野博物館に置かれている。
Captain Brinkley says, in his Japan and China, that many of the objects are Chinese, some few Indian, a very small number Persian, and thus describes them : " The story these relics tell is that the occupants of the Nara palace had their rice served in small covered cups of stone-ware, with celadon glaze — these from Chinese potteries, for as yet the manufacture of vitrifiable glazes was beyond the capacity of Japanese ceramists ; — ate fruit from deep dishes of white agate ; poured water from golden ewers of Persian form, having bird-shaped snouts, narrow necks and bands of frond diaper ; played the game of go on boards of rich lacquer, using discs of white jade and red coral for pieces ; burned incense in censers of bronze inlaid with gems; and kept the incense in small boxes of Paullownia wood with gold lacquer deco-
ブリンクリー大尉は『日本と中国』で、これらの品の多くは中国製、少数はインド製、ごくわずかはペルシア製だと述べ、次のように描写する。奈良の宮殿の人々は、中国窯で焼かれた青磁釉の小さな蓋付き陶器で米を食べた。当時の日本の陶工にはまだガラス質の釉を作る力がなかったからである。白い瑪瑙の深皿で果物を食べ、鳥の形の注ぎ口、細い首、葉文の帯をもつペルシア風の金の水差しから水を注いだ。上質な漆の碁盤に白玉と赤珊瑚の石を置き、宝石を象嵌した青銅香炉で香を焚いた。香は金蒔絵の装飾を施した桐材の小箱に収め
ration — these of Japanese make,— or in receptacles of Chinese celadon; wrote with camel's hair brushes having bamboo handles, and placed them upon rests of prettily carved coral ; employed plates of nephrite to rub down sticks of Chinese ink ; sat upon the cushioned floor to read or write, placing the book or paper on a low lectern of wood finely grained or ornamented with lacquer ; set up flowers in slender, long-necked vases of bronze with a purple patina ; used for pillow a silk-covered bolster stuffed with cotton and having designs embroidered in low relief ; carried long, straight, two-edged swords attached to the girdle by strings (not thrust into it, as afterwards became the fashion); kept their writing materials in boxes of coloured or gold lacquer ; saw their faces reflected in mirrors of polished metal, having the back
た。これらは日本製である。また中国青磁の容器にも収めた。竹軸の駱駝毛の筆を使い、精巧に彫った珊瑚の筆架に置いた。中国墨を磨るためには軟玉の硯板を用い、座布団のある床に座って読み書きし、木目の美しい木材または漆で飾った低い書見台に書物や紙を載せた。紫の古色を帯びた細長い首の青銅花器に花を生け、綿を詰めて低い浮織を施した絹張りの枕を使った。腰帯には紐で吊るす長く真っ直ぐな両刃の剣を帯びた（のちのように帯へ差し込むのではない）。筆記具は色漆や金漆の箱に入れ、精巧な浮彫・彫刻を背面に施した磨き金属の鏡で顔を映した。
repousse and chiselled in elaborate designs ; kept their mirrors in cases lined with brocaded silk; girdled themselves with narrow leather belts, ornamented with plaques of silver or jade and fastened by means of buckles exactly similar to those used in Europe or America to-day ; and played on flutes made of bamboo wood." The visitor leaves the grounds of Todaiji and the Daibutsu by two large gates, called respectively Ni-ten-mon and Ni-o-mon.
鏡は錦の絹を張った箱に収めた。銀または玉の飾り板をつけ、今日の欧米とまったく同じような留め金で留める細い革帯を締め、竹製の笛を吹いた。東大寺と大仏の境内は、二天門と仁王門と呼ばれる二つの大きな門から出る。
The latter has, in exterior niches, colossal figures of the Ni-o, which are considered admirable specimens of that class of sculpture. They are attributed to Kaikei, who flourished about A.D. 1195. The interior niches contain two remarkable lions carved out of Chinese stone by a Chinese sculptor of the 12th century. Outside the Ni-o-mon to the 1. is an Industrial Bazaar (Bussan Ghinretsu-jo). To the r., stands a permanent Museum [Hakubutsu-Kwan).
後者の外側の龕には、仁王の巨像があり、この種の彫刻の優品と考えられている。1195年頃に活躍した快慶の作とされる。内側の龕には、中国の12世紀の彫刻家が中国石から彫った見事な獅子二頭がある。仁王門を出て左手には物産陳列所、右手には常設博物館が立つ。
This well-arranged museum affords an excellent means for the study of early Japanese religious art, especially the glyptic art, as all the ancient temples of the province have contributed their quota of statues in wood and bronze, which are of every size, some gigantic, many dating from the 7th and 8th centuries. Notice, too, an octagonal bronze lantern, ascribed to a Chinese artist of the 8th century, a fine specimen of open-work panels in that material. There is also a valuable collection of manuscripts, including the autographs of several early Mikados, besides numerous kakemonos by the best masters. Other branches of art are less well represented.
よく整えられたこの博物館は、初期日本の宗教美術、とりわけ彫刻を学ぶ絶好の場である。この地方の古寺が木彫・金銅の像を寄せており、巨大なものを含め、7・8世紀にさかのぼる作品も多い。8世紀の中国人作とされる八角形の青銅灯籠も見逃せない。透かし彫りの面をもつ優品である。初期の天皇数名の自筆を含む貴重な写本や、名手の掛物も多く、ほかの美術分野は比較的手薄である。
Nevertheless the mediaeval armour, the masks, old lacquer, musical instruments, prehistoric pottery, and the specimens of porcelain in which the beginnings of each school can be studied, all possess high interest. Note the admirable little figures by the potters of the Bizen school. The way leads behind the Museum, with the prefectural offices (a two-storied European building) on the r., and on the l., the Buddhist temple of Kofukuji, conspicuous by its two pagodas. This once grand establishment, founded in A.D. 710, was burnt down in 1717, and little remains to attest its ancient splendour.
それでも中世の甲冑、面、古漆、楽器、先史時代の土器、各窯の始まりをたどれる磁器は、いずれも興味深い。備前派の陶工による見事な小像にも注目したい。道は博物館の背後へ続き、右手には県庁舎（二階建ての洋風建築）、左手には二基の塔で目立つ興福寺がある。710年創建の壮大な寺院だったが、1717年に焼失し、往時の栄華を伝えるものはわずかである。
The following buildings may be mentioned: the Tokondo, dedicated to Yakushi Nyorai; the enormous pine-tree with spreading branches supported on poles in front of the Tokondo, said to have been planted by Kobo Daishi to take the place of flowers as a perpetual offering to the god; the Kondo, which is full of excellent statues, including among others two colossal images of Kwannon and a pair of Ni-o, attributed to a Korean immigrant of the beginning of the 7th century, remarkable for their correct anatomy and regarded by connoisseurs as the best examples of wood-carving to be found in Japan; and the Nan-endo, an octagonal building.
挙げるべき建物は、薬師如来を祀る東金堂、その前にある、花の代わりに永遠の供物として弘法大師が植えたと伝える枝張りの大きな松、優れた像で満ちた金堂、そして八角形の南円堂である。金堂には巨大な観音像二体と仁王一対などがあり、7世紀初頭に帰化した朝鮮人の作とされる。正確な人体表現で注目され、目利きには日本で見られる最良の木彫の例と考えられている。
The shape of this last edifice is copied from the fabulous Buddhist mountain Fudaraku-sen, which was Kwannon's favourite retreat. Below Kofukuji, lies a pond called Sarusawa-no-Ike. *Capt. Brinkley believes them to be Japanese work of the school of Unkei in the 18th century.
最後の八角形の建物は、観音が好んだ住処とされる伝説上の仏教の山、補陀落山を模している。興福寺の下には猿沢池がある。＊ブリンクリー大尉は、前記の像を18世紀の運慶派による日本作と考えている。
Local legend tells of a beautiful maiden at the Mikado's court, who was wooed by all the courtiers, but rejected their offers of marriage, because she was in love with the Mikado himself. He looked graciously on her for awhile; but when he afterwards began to neglect her, she went secretly away by night, and drowned herself in this pond. This ends the popular sights of Nara. A little spare time might be devoted to walking up Mikasa-yama, close behind the temple of Kasuga.
地元の伝説によれば、帝の宮廷に美しい娘がいた。彼女には求婚者が多かったが、帝を愛していたためにすべて断った。帝もしばらくは好意を寄せたが、のちに彼女を顧みなくなると、娘は夜ひそかに去り、この池で身を投げたという。これで奈良の主な名所は終わる。時間があれば、春日社のすぐ後ろにある三笠山へ歩いて登るとよい。
From the stone at the summit (600 ft. above the base), a fine view N.W. is obtained of the valley of the Kizu-gawa, and W. of the plain of Nara stretching away to the mountains which divide the province of Yamato from that of Kawachi. The town of Koriyama lies S.W. Kasuga-yama forms a pleasant afternoon's excursion either on foot or in jinrikisha. The road follows the Mizuya-gawa; in about 3/4 hr. a path branches l. to Wakakusa-yama, the bare hill behind the Ni-gwatsu-do. Return by the main road and the Uguisu-no-taki cascade. Kasagi-yama is a short day's outing, as follows: by train to Kasagi, 45 min., whence walk up hill, 20 min., for the view of the gorge and river. Trout can be had in season.
基部から600フィートの山頂の石からは、北西に木津川の谷、西に大和国と河内国を隔てる山々まで延びる奈良平野の眺めがよい。郡山の町は南西にある。春日山は徒歩でも人力車でも楽しめる午後の小旅行である。道は水谷川に沿い、約45分で左に分かれる小道を入ると、二月堂の後ろにある裸山の若草山へ出る。本道と鶯の滝を通って戻る。笠置山は短い一日旅行に向き、列車で笠置まで45分、そこから坂を20分登れば、峡谷と川を見渡せる。季節には鱒が獲れる。
3. - Nara-Osaka Railway. Names of Stations. NARA; Koriyama; Horyuji (change for Takada); Oji (alight for Shigi-sen); Kashiwabara; Yao; Hirano; Tennoji; OSAKA (Minatocho). Koriyama. The walls of Nara, when that city was the capital of Japan, extended almost to what is now the eastern limit of this town. The village of Horyuji (Inn, Daikoku-ya, 10 cho from station) takes its name from a temple, which, though somewhat battered by time, will interest the serious student.
3. 奈良・大阪鉄道。奈良、郡山、法隆寺（高田方面へは乗換）、王寺（信貴山へは下車）、柏原、八尾、平野、天王寺、大阪（湊町）。郡山では、奈良が都だった頃の城壁が、現在の町の東端近くまで延びていた。法隆寺村（駅から10町、宿は大黒屋）は、時を経て多少傷んではいるが、真剣に学ぼうとする者の関心を引く寺にちなむ名である。
Horyuji is the oldest existing Buddhist temple in Japan, having been founded by Shotoku Taishi and completed in A.D. 607. Some of its treasures, too, are among the earliest art products of the country. They include a number of the 8th century miniature pagodas, for which see p. 128. Owing to its exceptional importance, it some years ago attracted the attention of art critics and of the Imperial Government, which has since contributed towards its support. The chief annual festival is celebrated on the 22nd day of the 2nd moon, old style. Priestly guides are in waiting to conduct visitors around for a fee of 1 yen each, and a further similar fee to see the pupil of Buddha's eye (see next page).
法隆寺は聖徳太子が創建し607年に完成した、日本に現存する最古の仏教寺院である。その宝物には、この国でも最初期の美術品が含まれ、128ページで述べた8世紀の小塔もある。特別な重要性ゆえに、数年前から美術批評家と政府の注目を集め、政府はその維持費を拠出している。主な年中行事は旧暦二月二十二日に行われる。僧侶の案内人がいて、一人1円で境内を案内し、次ページで述べる仏陀の眼を見るには、さらに同額が必要である。
Passing through the Nandai-mon, or S. gate, and the two-storied Ni-o-mon, repaired in 1902-3 out of the original materials, we enter an oblong enclosure containing r. the Kondo, and l. the five-storied pagoda, which stand on a base of cement, and are, with the Ni-o-mon, the oldest wooden structures in Japan. In the background is another temple, called Dai-ko-do. These edifices contain a number of very ancient statues, several of which are attributed to Indian sculptors. Frescoes, partly obliterated by time, are also to be seen, the work, it is said, of Doncho, a Korean priest.
南大門と、1902～03年に元の材料で修理した二階建ての仁王門を通ると、長方形の境内に入る。右に金堂、左に五重塔があり、いずれもセメントの基壇に立ち、仁王門とともに日本最古の木造建築である。奥には大講堂がある。これらの建物には非常に古い像が多く、いくつかはインド人彫刻家の作とされる。時により薄れた壁画もあり、朝鮮僧・曇徴の作と伝えられる。
Alike in the two-storied gateway and in the other buildings, the massive wooden pillars are of somewhat unequal size, and taper slightly towards the top. Observe also that the roofs are less slanting than usual, and the eaves more overhanging; furthermore, that the distance between each storey of the pagoda is smaller,
二階建ての門にもほかの建物にも、太い木柱が用いられ、その太さは少しずつ異なり、上に向かってわずかに細くなる。屋根の傾斜は通常より緩く、軒の張り出しは大きい。また塔の各層の間隔が小さいので、規模の割に低く、したがって安定していることにも注意。
making it low for its size and therefore more stable. The ground-floor of the Pagoda is adorned with some curious tinted terra-cotta groups, ascribed to Tori Busshi. They represent, on the E. side, Monju with other gods; on the S. side, Amida with Kwannon and Daiseishi; on the W., the depositing of Shaka Muni's mortal remains; and on the N., his entry into Nirvana. The rockery of the whole, composed of white stucco, represents Shumisen, a fabulous mountain where the gods have their abode. Leaving the pagoda, we see r. the belfry, 1. the drum-tower, and then visit the Dai-Kodo, or Great Lecture Hall, which is dedicated to Yakushi and a host of other deities.
塔の一階には、止利仏師の作とされる彩色テラコッタ群がある。東面は文殊と諸神、南面は阿弥陀・観音・勢至、西面は釈迦牟尼の遺骸を納める場面、北面は涅槃入りを表す。全体をなす白漆喰の岩組みは、神々が住むという伝説上の山・須弥山を表現する。塔を出ると、右に鐘楼、左に鼓楼があり、さらに薬師と多くの神々を祀る大講堂を訪ねる。
We then pass out of the oblong enclosure to some lesser buildings, and thence up a mound to the 1., where stands an octagonal shrine known as Mine-no-Yakushi. The image of Yakushi, the god of Medicine, is attributed to Gyogi Bosatsu, and the twelve smaller images representing the Signs of the Zodiac, to Tori Busshi. This temple is a unique sight, being literally hidden under the enormous number of short swords placed there as offerings by men whose prayers for restoration to health have proved efficacious, and of metal mirrors, combs, and hairpins similarly placed there by women.
長方形の境内を出て小堂を過ぎ、左手の塚を上ると、峰の薬師という八角堂がある。薬師如来は行基菩薩、十二支を表す十二の小像は止利仏師の作とされる。この寺は、快癒を祈って成就した男たちが奉納した無数の短刀と、同じく女たちが奉納した金属鏡・櫛・簪に文字どおり覆われており、類を見ない光景である。
Drills, presented by persons who have been cured of deafness, are piled along a ledge outside, together with miscellaneous ex-voto tablets. Descending hence, we pass a building called Sankyo-in, and through the gallery before-mentioned; then the Kura, or Storehouse, which contains so many treasures that a long day would be needed for their inspection alone. Next we visit the Taishi-do, whose style of decoration is said to imitate that of the Imperial palace of Nara (8th century). Outside it is a wooden statue of Shotoku Taishi's black horse, with a groom in the costume of the 7th century.
聴覚障害が治った人々の奉納した錐（drills）も、その他さまざまな奉納額とともに、外の棚に積まれている。そこから下り、三経院と先述の回廊を通って、宝物を非常に多く収める蔵へ行く。これだけを見ても丸一日を要するほどである。次に太子堂を訪ねる。その装飾は8世紀の奈良の宮殿の様式を模したものとされる。外には7世紀の服装をした厩番を伴う、聖徳太子の黒馬の木像がある。
Leaving this set of buildings and walking for some distance, we come to the Yume-dono, or Hall of Dreams, an octagonal edifice, dating from the 18th century. It stands in the centre of an enclosure surrounded by a gallery, and is dedicated to the Eleven-faced Kwannon (over 600 years old). The long building behind is divided into two parts, l. the E-den, or Painted Apartment, so named because the whole interior is covered with brilliant paintings in the Tosa style, differing entirely from that of the faded frescoes mentioned before; r. the Shari-den, or Place of the Relic, so called because the pupil of Buddha's left eye is here enshrined.
これらの建物を離れて少し歩くと、18世紀にさかのぼる八角形の夢殿に至る。回廊で囲まれた敷地の中央にあり、六百年以上前の十一面観音を祀る。背後の長い建物は二つに分かれ、左は内部一面が土佐派の鮮やかな絵で覆われるため絵殿といい、先に触れた褪色した壁画とはまったく異なる。右は舎利殿で、ここには仏陀の左眼の瞳が祀られている。
It is kept in a crystal reliquary, itself shut up in a case over which are seven damask wrappings, and is exposed to worship every day at noon in honour of the Sun-God. The Denpo-do, hard by, contains several ancient images and an old coffered ceiling. It was constructed by the Emperor Shomu (A.D. 724-48). The gate by which the temple is quitted stands close to the inn. [About 1 mile from Horyuji stands Tatsuta, which is famous in Japanese poetry for the maples lining the banks of the river that flows past it. Near Horyuji, too, is the misasagi, or tumulus of Suinin Tenno, a prehistoric Mikado who is supposed to have reigned at the beginning of the Christian era.
それは水晶の舎利容器に納められ、さらに七枚の緞子で包まれた箱に収められている。太陽神を称え、毎日正午に礼拝のため公開される。近くの伝法堂には古い像数体と格天井があり、聖武天皇（724～48年）が建てた。寺を出る門は宿のすぐ近くにある。［法隆寺から約1マイルの龍田は、川岸の紅葉で日本の詩歌に名高い。法隆寺の近くには、紀元初頭に在位したとされる先史時代の天皇・垂仁天皇の御陵もある。
It is a large and striking mound, gourd-shaped, planted with trees, and having a broad new moat round it, and at one end a small torii forming the approach to a neat gravel walk.] The lover of the antique may combine with Horyuji a visit to Yakushi-ji, distant 1/2 hr. by jinrikisha.
それは樹木の植わるひょうたん形の大きく目立つ墳丘で、広い新しい濠を巡らせ、一端には整った砂利道へ向かう小さな鳥居がある。古物を好む人は、法隆寺の見学に、そこから人力車で30分の薬師寺を組み合わせてもよい。］
This ancient temple, also known as Kishi-no-Odera, is now much dilapidated; but it enshrines some of the grandest bronze images bequeathed to us by early Japanese (or Korean?) art. Such are the gigantic Yakushi, and another image of Yakushi with Nikko and Gwakko Bosatsu cast about the end of the 7th century, and the Sho-Kwannon, said to have been made of gold from the fabulous Mount Meru. - The neighbouring temples of Shodaiji and Saidaiji, also much decayed owing to long neglect, merit the antiquarian's attention. The bronze images of the Shi-Tenno at Saidaiji, cast in A.D. 765, are singled out by Anderson for special praise.
岸の大寺とも呼ばれるこの古寺は今では大いに荒れているが、初期日本美術（あるいは朝鮮美術か）の遺した最も壮大な青銅像のいくつかを祀る。巨大な薬師像、7世紀末頃に鋳られた日光・月光菩薩を従える別の薬師像、伝説上の須弥山の金で作られたという聖観音などである。近隣の唐招提寺と西大寺も、長年の放置で大いに傷んではいるが、古美術を好む人の注意に値する。西大寺の四天王銅像は765年の鋳造で、アンダーソンが特に賞賛している。
From Oji, it is 33 cho to Shigi-sen, the scene of a famous victory by Shotoku Taishi over the rebel Mononobe-no-Moriya. The temple is dedicated to Bishamon, who is supposed to have lent his assistance to the victor. It is adorned with the crest of centipedes proper to that divinity. At Kashiwabara (not to be confounded with the hamlet of like name containing the tumulus of Jimmu Tenno), is a temple called Domyoji, to which yearly pilgrimages are made. The traveller desiring to proceed to Kobe will do best to drive across Osaka from Minatocho to Umeda station.
王寺から信貴山までは33町で、聖徳太子が反乱者・物部守屋を破った名高い戦いの地である。寺は勝者を助けたとされる毘沙門に献じられ、その神にふさわしい百足の紋で飾られている。柏原（神武天皇の陵がある同名の村とは別）には道明寺という寺があり、毎年巡礼が行われる。神戸へ向かう旅行者は、湊町から大阪を横切って梅田駅へ出るのがよい。